Additional Resources for Changing the World from the Inside Out
by Rabbi David Jaffe
Access the resources in PDF form here:
Learning the Sources & Further Study
Practice Bitachon
Learn the Sources
Bitachon may be one of the most difficult Middot to acquire. The Hebrew root for Bitachon is ב.ט.ח. (B.T.Ch.)which means to be at ease, to trust and to be confident. In modern Hebrew the word Bitachon also means security and thus the Misrad HaBitachon is the Defense Ministry or Bituach Leumi is the National Insurance system. In classic Jewish literature the ultimate source of this sense of security is God.
There are compelling reasons why Bitachon is so challenging. For Moderns, whose belief in an all-powerful, all-knowing and loving deity has been severely weakened by over two centuries of rationalist, scientific thinking and horrific violence and suffering of two world wars, to simply rely on God to take care of you rings hollow. How can I trust a God who allowed Auschwitz to happen? There is not much stronger a challenge to the idea that we can rely on God than that. However, our post-Holocaust generations were not the first to struggle with Bitachon. Bitachon was also a challenge in Biblical times when Jewish society more readily accepted the idea of an all-powerful God.
Bitachon as a middah does not require that we have absolute trust in an omnipotent God. Like with all middot, there is a continuum and we each get to locate our own souls on the continuum. Some people move through life with an unshakeable belief in God’s goodness and protection. Others are much more anxious and worry fills their days. Neither extreme is necessarily good. Wherever you are on this continuum, working on Bitachon means moving towards balancing trust in a loving God or a good Universe with taking initiative. You never have to believe something you actually don’t believe to grow in Bitachon. We will start with a very practical issue, our livelihood.
Bitachon and Making a Living, The Manna Test – Exodus 16:4-20
Just days after the Israelites crossed the Reed Sea accompanied by ample Divine pyrotechnics God gives them a test to see if they internalized the faith they professed at the sea.
:וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֶל משֶׁה הִנְנִי מַמְטִיר לָכֶם לֶחֶם מִן הַשָּׁמָיִם וְיָצָא הָעָם וְלָקְטוּ דְּבַר יוֹם בְּיוֹמוֹ לְמַעַן אֲנַסֶּנּוּ הֲיֵלֵךְ בְּתוֹרָתִי אִם לֹא
Then said God to Moshe, Behold, I will rain bread from heaven for you; and the people shall go out and gather a certain portion every day, that I may test them, whether they will follow my Torah, or no….
:זֶה הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר צִוָּה יְהֹוָה לִקְטוּ מִמֶּנּוּ אִישׁ לְפִי אָכְלוֹ עֹמֶר לַגֻּלְגֹּלֶת מִסְפַּר נַפְשֹׁתֵיכֶם אִישׁ לַאֲשֶׁר בְּאָהֳלוֹ תִּקָּחוּ
:וַיַּעֲשׂוּ כֵן בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיִּלְקְטוּ הַמַּרְבֶּה וְהַמַּמְעִיט
:וַיָּמֹדּוּ בָעֹמֶר וְלֹא הֶעְדִּיף הַמַּרְבֶּה וְהַמַּמְעִיט לֹא הֶחְסִיר אִישׁ לְפִי אָכְלוֹ לָקָטוּ
:וַיֹּאמֶר משֶׁה אֲלֵהֶם אִישׁ אַל יוֹתֵר מִמֶּנּוּ עַד בֹּקֶר
:וְלֹא שָׁמְעוּ אֶל משֶׁה וַיּוֹתִרוּ אֲנָשִׁים מִמֶּנּוּ עַד בֹּקֶר וַיָּרֻם תּוֹלָעִים וַיִּבְאַשׁ וַיִּקְצֹף עֲלֵהֶם משֶׁה
And Moshe said to them…This is the thing which God has commanded, Gather of it every man according to his eating, an ‘omer for every man, according to the number of your persons shall you take it, every man for them who are in his tent. And the children of Israel did so, and gathered, some more, some less. And when they did measured it with an ‘omer, he that gathered much had nothing over, and he that gathered little had no lack;… Moshe said, Let no man leave of it till the morning. But they hearkened not to Moshe; but some of them left of it until the morning, and it bred worms, and stank…(Exodus 16:4, 16-20)
In the Manna test people needed to work for their food. This requirement echoes the curse given to Adam in the Garden of Eden,
(יז) וּלְאָדָם אָמַר כִּי שָׁמַעְתָּ לְקוֹל אִשְׁתֶּךָ וַתֹּאכַל מִן הָעֵץ אֲשֶׁר צִוִּיתִיךָ לֵאמֹר לֹא תֹאכַל מִמֶּנּוּ אֲרוּרָה הָאֲדָמָה בַּעֲבוּרֶךָ בְּעִצָּבוֹן תֹּאכֲלֶנָּה כֹּל יְמֵי חַיֶּיךָ:…
(יט) בְּזֵעַת אַפֶּיךָ תֹּאכַל לֶחֶם עַד שׁוּבְךָ אֶל הָאֲדָמָה כִּי מִמֶּנָּה לֻקָּחְתָּ כִּי עָפָר אַתָּה וְאֶל עָפָר תָּשׁוּב:
“Cursed be the ground because of you; By toil shall you eat of it…By the sweat of your brow shall you get bread to eat…”(Genesis 3:17-19).
Once we need to work for our living, how can we avoid the trap pointed to in the following verse from Deuteronomy 8:17:
וְאָמַרְתָּ בִּלְבָבֶךָ כֹּחִי וְעֹצֶם יָדִי עָשָׂה לִי אֶת הַחַיִל הַזֶּה:
“My own power and the might of my own hand have won this wealth for me.” (Deuteronomy 8:17)
The 11th century Mussar classic Duties of the Heart by Rabbi Bahya Ibn Pequda describes this challenge in the following terms:
…Since Divine wisdom demands the trial of the soul with service of Hashem or rebellion, Hashem tries the soul with what will reveal its choice in the matter, namely, with the need and want for that which is external to it – food, drink, clothing, shelter, and sexual relations. Hashem commanded human beings to seek and obtain these requirements through the available means, in specific ways, and at certain times (meaning we need to work to attain livelihood-ed.).
What the Creator decrees a person should attain of them, the person realizes and attains through ample means which are provided. What the Creator does not decree should be attained of them, the person does not attain, and the means are withheld (this is when we need to have trust and not think everything is in our control-ed.). The person’s service or transgression is demonstrated through his or her intent on – and choice of- one to the exclusion of the other (meaning whether one will serve Hashem or rebel-ed.)…
Where are you on the continuum of trust and control?
In what ways do try to control things too much? What is the impact on yourself and others?
In what ways do you take too much credit for your successes or failures?
Are there any areas of your life where you think you have too much trust and could use taking more initiative?
Bitachon as a Source of Renewal and Life, Jeremiah 2:13
כִּי שְׁתַּיִם רָעוֹת עָשָׂה עַמִּי אֹתִי עָזְבוּ מְקוֹר מַיִם חַיִּים לַחְצֹב לָהֶם בֹּארוֹת בֹּארֹת נִשְׁבָּרִים אֲשֶׁר לֹא יָכִלוּ הַמָּיִם:
“Two evils have My people committed: they have forsaken Me, a freshwater spring (Makor Mayyim Hayyim) , to hew themselves cisterns (B’orot), cracked cisterns that can hold no water.”
-Jeremiah 2:13
A freshwater spring’s water flows out of its source, whereas the water in a cistern is collected from somewhere else. It is separated from its source. Jeremiah relates Trust to water in another famous passage:
ה) כֹּה אָמַר יְהֹוָה אָרוּר הַגֶּבֶר אֲשֶׁר יִבְטַח בָּאָדָם וְשָׂם בָּשָׂר זְרֹעוֹ וּמִן יְהֹוָה יָסוּר לִבּוֹ:
(ו) וְהָיָה כְּעַרְעָר בָּעֲרָבָה וְלֹא יִרְאֶה כִּי יָבוֹא טוֹב וְשָׁכַן חֲרֵרִים בַּמִּדְבָּר אֶרֶץ מְלֵחָה וְלֹא תֵשֵׁב:
(ז) בָּרוּךְ הַגֶּבֶר אֲשֶׁר יִבְטַח בַּיהֹוָה וְהָיָה יְהֹוָה מִבְטַחוֹ:
(ח) וְהָיָה כְּעֵץ שָׁתוּל עַל מַיִם וְעַל יוּבַל יְשַׁלַּח שָׁרָשָׁיו וְלֹא יִרְאֶ \{יִרְאֶה\} כִּי יָבֹא חֹם וְהָיָה עָלֵהוּ רַעֲנָן וּבִשְׁנַת בַּצֹּרֶת לֹא יִדְאָג וְלֹא יָמִישׁ מֵעֲשׂוֹת פֶּרִי:
“Cursed is the person who trusts solely in people and makes his flesh his source of strength and turns away from God. He will be like a tree in the desert and will not see when good comes. He will inhabit the parched places of the desert, a salty, uninhabited land. Blessed is the person who trusts in God, and whose hope God is. For he shall be like a tree planted by the waters, and that spreads out its roots by the river, and shall not see when the heat comes, but its leaf shall be green; and shall not be anxious in the year of drought, nor shall it cease from yielding fruit.”
-Jeremiah 17:17-18
Jeremiah uses such rich metaphors. Spend some time unpacking these metaphors. Specifically:
How does this metaphor of a tree by water compare with our first metaphor of the spring and cistern?
In what ways do these metaphors relate to how you think about trust in your own life?
Both the metaphors seem to have to do with rejuvenation and renewal. What are your sources of renewal and do these relate to trust in any way?
Bitachon as a Perspective of Confidence, Duties of the Heart, R. Bahya Ibn Pequda (11th century, Spain)
The following source from Duties of the Heart explains how Bitachon helps one live a life of conviction and principle. The middah of Bitachon helps us do what we know is right because we don’t base our self-worth or sense of security on whether we are liked by others. This can be an incredibly valuable soul trait for combatting injustice.
Another advantage of this trust is that it has the following effect: One who trusts in God will not submit to another; she will not set her hopes on any person or put her trust in human beings. She will not be subservient to them in order to win their favor, nor will she flatter them. She will not agree with them in what is not the service of God. Their ways will not frighten her, and she will not be afraid to oppose them. She will divest herself of the finery of their favors and free herself from the burden of expressing gratitude to them and the obligation of repaying them. When reproving them, she will not shrink from offending them; if she humiliates them, she will not be timid before them or adorn what is false. As the prophet said:
וַאדֹנָי יֱהֹוִה יַעֲזָר לִי עַל כֵּן לֹא נִכְלָמְתִּי עַל כֵּן שַׂמְתִּי פָנַי כַּחַלָּמִישׁ וָאֵדַע כִּי לֹא אֵבוֹשׁ
“But God, Hashem, helps me; therefore, I was not humiliated; therefore, I have set my face like a flint, and I know that I will not be timid.” (Isaiah 50:7)…
In what kinds of situations do you get the most timid?
When do you have the most confidence?
Where are you on a timidity-confidence continuum and what is one thing you could do to become more confident? If you think you are overly confident, what is one thing you could do to have a more balanced sense of confidence?
What would you have to face if you were going to be less timid with your congregation, family, or colleagues?
For Further Study
Source 1: Bitachon in Relationships, Duties of the Heart, The Gate of Trust, Rabbi Bahya Ibn Pequda (d. 11th century, Spain)
This source discusses people helping each other. It is broken up into three sections with reflection questions after each section. In preparation for the text, think of examples from your own life of when you needed someone to do something for you, or you were asked to do something. These examples can be with people from work, family, or other relationships.
…When the need arises to ask for something from someone…, she should rely on God for it, and regard the people as the means of securing it, just as one tills the soil and sows it as a means to her livelihood. If God wishes to support her from it, the crops grow, thrive and flourish, and no thanks are due the land for this, only the Creator. If God does not wish to support her from it, the land yields no produce, or it yields produce which suffers damage, and the land is not to blame…
If it is carried out by one of them, she should thank the Creator who fulfilled her wishes, and also thank the one through whom it was carried out for his goodwill, and for being the agent of the Creator’s aid…
If her request is not carried out for her by any of them, she should not blame them or attribute to them negligence, but she should thank God for having chosen what was for her good. She should also thank them, in accordance with what she knows of their efforts to fulfill her request, even though it was not carried out as she – and they- had wished.
She should also conduct herself this way in her relations with intimates and friends, business associates, employees and partners.
Like the other sources we’ve seen from Duties of the Heart, R. Bahya describes a level of Bitachon that is most likely unfamiliar to many of us moderns. Try to stretch and imagine what impact this type of Bitachon might have on your relationships.
Questions:
What impact do think this approach would have on interpersonal relationships? Why?
What do you think this approach does to personal responsibility and accountability?
Duties of the Heart (Cont.)
Similarly, when asked by someone… [to do] something, he should try to do it with all his heart and focus his mind on carrying it out, provided that he is able and that the one who asked him is worthy of the effort. Then he should put his trust in God for its accomplishment.
Questions:
The above section seems to describe the balance of Hishtadlut (effort) and Bitachon.
Why do you think it matters if the person is “worthy of the effort?”
Duties of the Heart (Cont.)
If God brings it about through his agency, and uses him as the instrument for benefiting his fellowman, he should offer thanks for this privilege. But if, after going through much trouble and effort, he is prevented from doing so and is unable to fulfill his neighbor’s request, he should not blame himself, and should inform his friend that he tried his best.
Questions:
How close or far are you from this type of attitude in your own life?
How do think this approach would enhance or detract from your spiritual and ethical growth?
Source 2: Bitachon, Birth and Creativity, Advice, Rebbe Nachman of Breslov (d. 1810, Ukraine)
בטחוני הדור הם בחינת כלי ההולדה. כי כל ההולדות וכל ההשפעות נמשכין על ידי בטחון. וזה זוכין על ידי ששומעין ספורי מעשיות מצדיקים אמתיים שיש להם כח לעורר מהשנה על ידי ספורי מעשיות שלהם, שעל ידי זה יוצא הדבור בכח גדול. שאותן שהיו בבחינת שנה שהיו כאלמים ממש ולא היו יכולים לדבר כלל שום דבור שבקדושה, נתעוררין עכשו משנתם ומתחילים לדבר בכח גדול, ועל ידי הדבור נתחזק הבטחון ועל ידי זה נפקדין העקרות וזוכין ליראה.
The trustful ones of the generation reflect aspects of reproduction. For all birth, and all spiritual influences are drawn into the world through Bitachon. This [birth] is merited by hearing stories told by the truly righteous who have the ability to awaken others from sleep through their stories. Through this awakening, full-throated speech emerges. For, those who were asleep were like mutes and could not speak any words of holiness. Once they awaken they begin to speak with much strength. Through this speech Bitachon is strengthened, which leads to birth and awe.
In this cryptic passage Rebbe Nachman describes a circular process in which those with Bitachon can awaken others from spiritual sleep, empowering them to speak words of holiness. In turn, these words of holiness strengthen the Bitachon of themselves and others and lead to more creativity (birth) and awe.
Questions:
In your own experience, how is Bitachon related to birth or creativity?
What is like for you to experience spiritual sleepiness and how have you been awoken in the past?
In your experience what is the relationship between speech, particularly holy speech, and Bitachon?
Practice
Jewish Wisdom about Bitachon/Trust
Everyday Holiness, Dr. Alan Morinis, chapter 22
Focus Phrases
Choose a phrase to repeat out loud for a minute or two each morning. You can adapt the phrases to your own language. Write the phrase on an index card and put it somewhere you will see it each morning. Some people tape the card to their car dashboard or computer.
(ז) בָּרוּךְ הַגֶּבֶר אֲשֶׁר יִבְטַח בַּיהֹוָה וְהָיָה יְהֹוָה מִבְטַחוֹ:
(ח) וְהָיָה כְּעֵץ שָׁתוּל עַל מַיִם וְעַל יוּבַל יְשַׁלַּח שָׁרָשָׁיו וְלֹא יִרְאֶ \{יִרְאֶה\} כִּי יָבֹא חֹם וְהָיָה עָלֵהוּ רַעֲנָן וּבִשְׁנַת בַּצֹּרֶת לֹא יִדְאָג וְלֹא יָמִישׁ מֵעֲשׂוֹת פֶּרִי:
Blessed is the person who trusts in the Lord, and whose hope the Lord is. For he shall be like a tree planted by the waters, and that spreads out its roots by the river, and shall not see when the heat comes, but its leaf shall be green; and shall not be anxious in the year of drought, nor shall it cease from yielding fruit.” (Jeremiah 17:7-8)
“A perspective of closeness”
-Adapted from Rabbi Shlomo Wolbe
Guided Meditation
This is best done with a group or at least a partner. Have one person read the meditation while the others follow the instructions read by the leader.
Find a comfortable place to sit or lie down.
Feel the weight of your body against the chair or ground.
Rest your hands on your lap or at your sides.
Gently let your eyelids close.
Take three deep breaths, inhaling through your nose and exhaling through your mouth.
Think of a project or campaign you are doing or have done in your social change efforts, family or community.
What was the goal of this project?
What effort did you put in over the course of the project or campaign?
Scan the effort to remember all the effort you put in.
How strongly did you believe that your efforts would make all the difference?
Now imagine that the outcome was actually dependent on God’s will or greater forces outside of your control.
Try to bring that awareness into your effort.
Hold both at the same time: You put in lots of effort to achieve your goals and decide that the outcome is ultimately dependent on God or forces outside your control.
You trust that you’ve done what you can.
Keep holding both perspectives at once.
How does holding both effort and trust impact how you engage in this project or campaign?
How does it impact how you relate to others involved?
How you related to the community or individuals the project is trying to impact?
How you feel about your own contribution?
Visualization
This exercise can be done individually or with a group. If a group, choose one person to read the description once through.
Imagine a spring of water in the side of a mountain surrounded by green grass and rocks.
The spring’s source comes from deep within the earth, where the water is constantly replenished by melting snow and rain.
The water is cool, clean and refreshing to drink.
It is impossible for the spring’s water source to ever run dry. It is a 100% reliable source of life giving water.
What would it mean for you to have something in your life you can rely on 100%?
Contemplation
This exercise can be done individually or with a group. If a group, choose one person to read the description once through.
Contemplate the idea that God is really there and that the moral arc of the universe does bend toward justice. Ultimately the world will be repaired, social justice achieved, war ended and humanity will be at peace with the earth and larger universe.
How does believing in this outcome impact the way you think about your change efforts?
Kabbalot
The kabbalot are designed to do individually. If you are using this book with a group give people a few minutes to choose a kabbalah and close the session with people sharing which kabbalah they are going to practice until the next meeting.
Make one effort in your work or home life each day as if you really believed God or a higher power was in charge and involved in a benevolent way.
Do a renewing activity each day. What is the source of your renewal?
Focus on one request you receive each day. Does it seem to come from despair or relaxed confidence? Try also noticing a request that arises from within yourself.
Cheshbon Hanefesh
Set aside five to ten minutes at some point in the day to either journal or do the hitbodedut practice answering these questions.
What good point did you notice in yourself or others regarding bitachon in your change efforts?
What choice point did you have regarding effort and trust?
What is your state of renewal or despair regarding social change right now?
How is your Bitachon aligned or not with your understanding at this moment of God’s will for you or what the universe is calling for from you right now?
How is your level of Bitachon expressing or working against your own deep desire/will?
Sichat Chaverim
- Trade turns listening to each other for 2 minutes talking about a good point from the day and anything else the speaker wants to get off his or her chest
- Journal quietly for five minutes about the Cheshbon Hanefesh questions
- Trade turns listening to each other for 10 minutes talk about the experience with the focus phrase, kabbalot, Cheshbon Hanefesh, meditation, visualization and contemplation. Then discuss any insights or challenges with Bitachon that came up during the week. End with a commitment for practice for the next week.
